Everything about Neo-hittite totally explained
The states that are called
Neo-Hittite, or more recently
Syro-Hittite, were
Luwian,
Aramaic and
Phoenician-speaking political entities of
Iron Age northern
Syria and southern
Anatolia that arose following the collapse of the
Hittite Empire around 1180 BC and lasted until roughly 700 BC. The term "Neo-Hittite" is sometimes reserved specifically for the Luwian-speaking principalities like
Milid and
Carchemish, although in a wider sense the broader cultural term "Syro-Hittite" is now applied to all the entities that arose in south-central Anatolia following the Hittite collapse — such as
Tabal and
Quwê — as well as those of northern and coastal Syria .
Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age transition
The collapse of the Hittite Empire is usually associated with the gradual decline of the Eastern Mediterranean trade networks and the resulting collapse of major Late Bronze Age cities in the Levantine coast, Anatolia and the Aegean . It is understood to have culminated in the final (apparently peaceful) abandonment of
Hattusa, the
Hittite capital, ca. 1180-1175 BC. Following this collapse of large cities and the Hittite state, the Early Iron Age in northern
Mesopotamia saw a dispersal of settlements and ruralization, with the appearance of large numbers of hamlets, villages, and farmsteads. Syro-Hittite states emerged in the process of such major landscape transformation, in the form of regional states with new political structures and cultural affiliations. David Hawkins was able to trace a dynastic link between the Hittite imperial dynasty and the "Great Kings" and "Country-lords" of Melid and Karkamish of the Early Iron Age, proving an uninterrupted continuity between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age at those sites; .
Some scholars have associated the collapse of Late Bronze age palace economies with the so-called invasion of "
Sea Peoples", attested in
Egyptian texts at the time. Having found no reliable support from archaeological evidence, archaeologists and ancient historians now largely believe that the movement of the "Sea-Peoples" was probably a result, and not the cause of the collapse, involving unrelated populations around the Mediterranean who were dislocated by the declining exchange network.
Aside from literary evidence from inscriptions, the uninterrupted cultural continuity from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age is now further confirmed by the recent archaeological work at the sites of
Aleppo (Temple of the Storm God on the Citadel) and Ayn Dara (Temple of Ishtar-Shawushka), where temples built in the Late Bronze age continue into the Iron Age without hiatus, and those temples witness multiple rebuildings in the Early Iron Age.
List of Syro-Hittite states
The Syro-Hittite states may be divided into two groups: a northern group where
Hittite rulers remained in power, and a southern group where
Aramaeans came to rule from about 1000 BC.
The northern group includes:
The southern, Aramaic, group includes:
Unqi or Pattina (with the city of Kinalua)
Bit Gabbari (with Zincirli)
Bit-Adini (with the city of Til Barsip)
Bit-Bahiani (with Tell Halaf)
Bit Agusi (with the cities of Arpad, Nampigi, and (later on) Aleppo)
Hatarikka-Luhuti (the capital city of which was at first Aleppo, and then Hatarikka)
Hamath
Inscriptions
Luwian monumental inscriptions in Anatolian hieroglyphs continue uninterrupted from the thirteenth-century Hittite imperial monuments to the Early Iron Age Syro-Hittite inscriptions of Karkamish, Melid, Aleppo and elsewhere . Luwian hieroglyphs was chosen by many of the Syro-Hittite regional kingdoms for their monumental inscriptions, which often appear in bi or tri-lingual inscriptions with Aramaic, Phoenician or Akkadian versions. The Early Iron Age in Northern Mesopotamia also saw a gradual spread of alphabetic writing in Aramaic and Phoenician. During the cultural interactions on the Levantine coast of Syro-Palestine and North Syria in the tenth through eighth centuries BC, Greeks and Phrygians adopted the alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians. .
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